cholora essays

cholora essays Cholera is a bacterial disease caused through the alimentary route. This bacterium that cause is Vibria Cholerae. Where there is any environmental disaster including great floods, earthquakes and any other natural disaster there is likely to be an outbreak of Cholera. It is most commonly found in places such as Africa, southern and South East Asia and the Middle East but some isolated breaks have occurred in Australia, Japan, Europe and United States of America. Its mostly been found in lower socioeconomic groups and almost always in the warmer months. Humans seem to be the only receiver but there may be other animals that are affected by it. There is no known natural reservoir of the organism. In an endemic situation Children are the highest effected, and by early adulthood they acquire antibodies. If a region has not been affected by an epidemic but an out break then on most cases an adult is as venerable as a child. Although the symptoms are painless and acute, the victim will be affected by watery diarrhea, which is full of specks of mucus and epithelial cells which contain an enormous amount of vibros, and effortless vomiting. Because of this major loss of fluid most of the symptoms are ill efficient water related such as great thirst, weakness, wrinkled skin, sunken eyes, pinched facial expression, muscel cramps and cardiovascular problems, anuria and acidosis. If the victim is not constantly re-hydrated then symptoms such as collapses, shock and death may follow. The disease can be serious but also can lead to shock and kill you with in two to three hours. More commonly when the disease has its first outbreak it takes 3 to 4 hour for the body to be effected by shock and then another 18 hours to several days to die. The disease is spread or transmitted through feces or vomitus of a carrier with an all ready active infection. Outbreaks can be caused by contaminated water supplies, unhygienic hands, utensil ...

Maria Goeppert-Mayer, Mathematician and Physicist

Maria Goeppert-Mayer, Mathematician and Physicist Maria Goeppert-Mayer Facts:   Known for:  A mathematician and physicist, Maria Goeppert Mayer was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963 for her work on the nuclear shell structure.Occupation:  mathematician, physicistDates:  June 18, 1906 - February 20, 1972Also known as:  Maria Goeppert Mayer, Maria Gà ¶ppert Mayer, Maria Gà ¶ppert Maria Goeppert-Mayer Biography: Maria Gà ¶ppert was born in 1906 in Kattowitz, then in Germany (now Katowice, Poland). Her father became a professor of pediatrics at the University at Gà ¶ttingen, and her mother was a former music teacher known for her entertaining parties for faculty members. Education With her parents support, Maria Gà ¶ppert studied mathematics and science, preparing for a university education. But there were no public schools for girls to prepare for this venture, so she enrolled in a private school. The disruption of World War I and the post-war years made study difficult and closed the private school. A year short of finishing, Gà ¶ppert nevertheless passed her entrance exams and entered in 1924. The only woman teaching at the university did so without a salary a situation with which Gà ¶ppert would become familiar in her own career. She began by studying mathematics, but the lively atmosphere as a new center of quantum mathematics, and exposure to the ideas of such greats as Niels Bohrs and Max Born, led Gà ¶ppert to switch to physics as her course in study. She continued her study, even on the death of her father, and received her doctorate in 1930. Marriage and Emigration Her mother had taken in student boarders so that the family could remain in their home, and Maria became close to Joseph E. Mayer, an American student. They married in 1930, she adopted the last name Goeppert-Mayer, and emigrated to the United States. There, Joe took up an appointment on the faculty of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. Because of nepotism rules, Maria Goeppert-Mayer was unable to hold a paid position at the University, and instead became a volunteer associate. In this position, she could do research, received a small amount of pay, and was given a small office. She met and befriended Edward Teller, with whom shed work later. During summers, she returned to Gà ¶ttingen where she collaborated with Max Born, her former mentor. Born left Germany as that nation prepared for war, and Maria Goeppert-Mayer became a U.S. citizen in 1932. Maria and Joe had two children, Marianne and Peter. Later, Marianne became an astronomer and Peter became an assistant professor of economics. Joe Mayer next received an appointment at Columbia University. Goeppert-Mayer and her husband wrote a book together there,  Statistical Mechanics.  As at Johns Hopkins, she could not hold a paying job at Columbia, but worked informally and gave some lectures. She met Enrico Fermi, and became part of his research team still without pay. Teaching and Research When the United States went to war in 1941, Maria Goeppert-Mayer received a paid teaching appointment only part-time, at Sarah Lawrence College. She also began working part-time at Columbia Universitys Substitute Alloy Metals project a highly secret project working on separating uranium-235 to fuel nuclear fission weapons. She went several times to the top-secret Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico, where she worked with Edward Teller, Niels Bohr and Enrico Fermi. After the war, Joseph Mayer was offered a professorship at the University of Chicago, where other major nuclear physicists were also working. Once again, with nepotism rules, Maria Goeppert-Mayer could work as a voluntary (unpaid) assistant professor which she did, with Enrico Fermi, Edward Teller, and Harold Urey, also by that time on the faculty at the U. of C. Argonne and Discoveries In a few months, Goeppert-Mayer was offered a position at Argonne National Laboratory, which was managed by the University of Chicago. The position was part-time but it was paid and a real appointment: as senior researcher. At Argonne, Goeppert-Mayer worked with Edward Teller to develop a little bang theory of cosmic origin. From that work, she began working on the question of why elements that had 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82 and 126 protons or neutrons were notably stable. The model of the atom already posited that electrons moved around in shells orbiting the nucleus. Maria Goeppert-Mayer established mathematically that if the nuclear particles were spinning on their axes and orbiting within the nucleus in predictable paths that can be described as shells, these numbers would be when the shells were full and more stable than half-empty shells. Another researcher, J. H. D. Jensen of Germany, discovered the same structure at nearly the same time. He visited Goeppert-Mayer in Chicago, and over four years the two produced a book on their conclusion,  Elementary Theory of Nuclear Shell Structure,  published in 1955. San Diego In 1959, the University of California at San Diego offered full-time positions to both Joseph Mayer and Maria Goeppert-Mayer. They accepted and moved to California. Soon after, Maria Goeppert-Mayer suffered a stroke which left her unable to fully use one arm. Other health problems, especially heart problems, plagued her during her remaining years. Recognition In 1956, Maria Goeppert-Mayer was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. In 1963, Goeppert-Mayer and Jensen were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for their shell model of the structure of the nucleus. Eugene Paul Wigner also won for work in quantum mechanics. Maria Goeppert-Mayer was thus the second woman to win the Nobel Prize for Physics (the first was Marie Curie), and the first to win it for theoretical physics. Maria Goeppert-Mayer died in 1972, after suffering a heart attack in late 1971 that left her in a coma. Print Bibliography Robert G. Sachs.  Maria Goeppert-Mayer, 1906-1972: A Biographical Memoir.  1979.Maria Goeppert-Mayer.  Statistical Mechanics. 1940.Maria Goeppert-Mayer.  Elementary Theory of Nuclear Shell Structure. 1955.Goeppert-Mayers papers are at the University of California, San Diego. Selected Maria Goeppert Mayer Quotations For a long time I have considered even the craziest ideas about atom nucleus... and suddenly I discovered the truth. Mathematics began to seem too much like puzzle solving. Physics is puzzle solving, too, but of puzzles created by nature, not by the mind of man.   On winning the Nobel Prize in Physics, 1963:  Winning the prize wasnt half as exciting as doing the work itself.

Problems Of Corruption In Ukrainian Government And The Possible Ways Research Paper

Problems Of Corruption In Ukrainian Government And The Possible Ways To Solve It - Research Paper Example As per this report, Ukraine shared this poor corruption status with other third world countries like Bangladesh, Central African Republic, and Syria. In the same year, Ernst & Young identified Ukraine as one of the three most corrupted countries in the world along with Brazil and Columbia. Referring to Wikileaks cables, US diplomats described Ukraine as a state of kleptocracy under the presidency of Kuchma and Yushchenko. This paper will identify the intensity of corruption prevailing in Ukrainian government and suggest some potential remedies to fight the issue. Depth of Corruption in Ukrainian Government Bribes are very common in Ukraine because Ukrainians think that such unfair rewards are customary and expected in every official matters. Referring to recent investigative reports, some of the huge bribes in the country involve more than USD 1 billion. According to a sociological survey conducted by Management Systems International (MSI) in 2008, the level of corruption was very hi gh; in vehicle inspection (57.5%), the police (54.2%), health care (54%), the courts (49%), and higher education (43.6%) (UNO, â€Å"Country reports†). The police and the courts which are in charge of law enforcement in the country are highly corrupted. Undoubtedly, the higher corruption level in the courts and the police become a great obstacle to abolishing this social as well as economic issue. As compared to well developed economies like US and UK, many of the Ukrainians are willing to pay some or other forms of bribes so as to get served fast. Recently in 2011, the Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych admitted that bribes cause the state budget to lose billions of dollars in revenues and a notable percent of public funds â€Å"end up in the pockets of officials† (as qtd in Rachkevych). The president’s words clearly reflect the profundity of corruption in Ukraine. In spite of great media coverage and hot discussions, corruption is still growing to be a majo r growth impediment to the Ukrainian economy. As different surveys point out, nearly 70% of Ukrainians who had dealt with government services over the last five years directly involved in corrupt practices. Experts suggest that this rate would further increase if some respondents were not afraid of consequences. Referring to a report by Danilova, political corruption through the use of administrative tools is a key issue challenging the development of the country (â€Å"Hundreds protest..†). Ukrainian politicians mainly use administrative tools to commit election fraud and thereby make election results in their favor. The situation where many of the top Ukrainian governmental officials have been liable for prosecution also indicates how intense the problem of corruption is in the country’s government system. In fact, medical care is free for Ukrainians in state-run hospitals. However they pay money there to make sure that they receive quality treatment whenever require d. Recently some advocacy groups have accused the Ukrainian Health Ministry officials for misappropriating the money that should have used to treat AIDS patients. They claim that officials bought AIDS drugs at highly inflated prices and received kickbacks in return. As Nitsevych points out, business firms in Ukraine widely engage in corruptive practices in order to take advantages of business licensing, taxation, and customs (â€Å"Potential for German investors..†